Gestión y ciberseguridad para microrredes eléctricas residenciales
Palabras clave:
Redes eléctricas, Sistemas eléctricos , Distribución de energía eléctricaSinopsis
Las microrredes eléctricas han permitido la integración de recursos energéticos distribuidos con características diferentes y que se encuentren ubicados en un área específica, buscando garantizar el suministro de energía a una carga determinada. Esto ha permitido no solo que se permitan dar soluciones energéticas a comunidades apartadas en zonas no interconectadas a la red eléctrica convencional mediante el uso de fuentes de energías renovables y no convencionales. También, ha significado un cambio en el paradigma de como los usuarios convencionales de energía interactúan con los sistemas de generación y transmisión de energía convencionales. Esto, aprovechando las potencialidades de la Generación Distribuida (GD) y su integración mediante pequeñas microrredes, buscando garantizar su consumo energético reduciendo la dependencia de la red eléctrica. Lo anterior sumado a un creciente interés por reducir el impacto de los sistemas convencionales de generación basados en combustibles fósiles en el medio ambiente, ha impulsado el uso de fuentes de energía renovables con menor impacto ambiental como la energía solar fotovoltaica o eólica dentro de usuarios residenciales. En este contexto surgen las microrredes residenciales o domiciliarias como una alternativa que permita reducir la dependencia energética de la red convencional, buscando además un beneficio en la reducción de las erogaciones mensuales, con menor impacto ambiental. Por lo tanto, en una microrred residencial se debe garantizar la interacción confiable de sistemas de generación de energía con características de generación heterogénea y altamente variable con cargas de diferente naturaleza, principalmente electrónicas, las cuales deben estar disponibles para satisfacer los perfiles y necesidades de consumo de los habitantes del hogar. Para desarrollar esta tarea, se recurre a los sistemas de gestión de energía los cuales son responsables de coordinar y administrar todos los recursos energéticos y cargas, mediante un esquema de priorización de las mismas, dentro de la microrred residencial, de tal forma que se garantice la disponibilidad energética que los usuarios requieren para suplir sus necesidades básicas, soportados en sistemas de comunicaciones confiables entre las diferentes unidades distribuidas y el sistema de gestión de energía. Dentro de la estructura de gestión, se encuentra la capa cibernética de la microrred, basada en un sistema de comunicaciones en la cual se intercambian consignas de control para los diferentes generadores y cargas, así como información sobre perfiles y preferencias de consumo y generación. Debido a la gran cantidad de información y complejidad en el manejo de esta, los sistemas de generación de energía en microrredes residenciales se ha venido soportando en tecnologías emergentes, pero ya bien posicionadas, como el Internet de las cosas (IoT por sus siglas en inglés), infraestructura de medición avanzada o incluso la computación en la nube buscando optimizar el manejo de información y una gestión energética más eficiente que responda a las necesidades de los usuarios. Sin embargo, el uso de nuevas tecnologías soportadas en sistemas de comunicaciones significa un gran riesgo en el manejo de información y la confiabilidad de la microrred debido a su interacción con el sistema de gestión de energía. En este caso no solo se puede comprometer la estabilidad del sistema eléctrico. También, puede estar comprometida información sensible de los usuarios como preferencias de consumo, tiempos de permanencia en el hogar, etc. que puede ser adquirida externamente sin consentimiento de los usuarios. Por lo anteriormente descrito se plantea la necesidad de abordar la ciberseguridad de las microrredes eléctricas como temática principal de este libro. En el documento se abordan las características generales para un sistema de gestión de energía en microrredes residenciales y se explora la vulnerabilidad de sus sistemas de comunicaciones para finalizar con una exploración de estrategias y arquitecturas que garanticen la ciberseguridad de las microrredes domiciliarias.
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Publicado
October 30, 2020
Colección
Derechos de autor 2020 Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Detalles sobre esta monografía
ISBN-10 (02)
978-958-787-229-3
ISBN-13 (15)
978-958-787-228-6
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